Co-inoculation of the endophytes Bacillus thuringiensis CAPE95 and Paenibacillus polymyxa CAPE238 promotes Tropaeolum majus L. growth and enhances its root bacterial diversity.

Tropaeolum majus L. is a versatile edible plant that is widely explored due to its medicinal properties and as a key element in intercropping systems. Its growth could be improved by the use of biofertilizers that can enhance nutrient uptake by the plant or provide tolerance to different abiotic and biotic stresses. In a previous study, 101 endophytes isolated from T. majus roots showed more than three plant growth-promoting (PGP) features in vitro, such as phosphate mineralization/solubilization, production of siderophores, antimicrobial substances and indole-related compounds, and presence of the nifH gene. To provide sustainable alternatives for biofertilization, the genomes of two promising endophytes-CAPE95 and CAPE238-were sequenced to uncover metabolic pathways related to biofertilization. Greenhouse experiments were conducted with 216 seeds and 60 seedlings, half co-inoculated with the endophytes (treatment) and half inoculated with 1X PBS (control), and the impact of the co-inoculation on the plant's bacteriome was accessed through 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. The strains CAPE95 and CAPE238 were taxonomically assigned as Bacillus thuringiensis and Paenibacillus polymyxa, respectively. Metabolic pathways related to the enhancement of nutrient availability (nitrogen fixation, sulfate-sulfur assimilation), biosynthesis of phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid precursors) and antimicrobial substances (bacilysin, paenibacillin) were found in their genomes. The in vivo experiments showed that treated seeds exhibited faster germination, with a 20.3% higher germination index than the control on the eleventh day of the experiment. Additionally, treated seedlings showed significantly higher plant height and leaf diameters (p < 0.05). The bacterial community of the treated plants was significantly different from that of the control plants (p < 0.001) and showed a higher richness and diversity of species (Chao and Shannon indexes, p < 0.001). A higher relative abundance of potential synergistic PGP bacteria was also shown in the bacteriome of the treated plants, such as Lysinibacillus and Geobacter. For the first time, co-inoculation of B. thuringiensis and P. polymyxa was shown to have great potential for application as a biofertilizer to T. majus plants. The bacterial consortium used here could also be explored in other plant species in the future.

The Microbial Community Structure in the Rhizosphere of Theobroma cacao L. and Euterpe oleracea Mart. Is Influenced by Agriculture System in the Brazilian Amazon.

This study tested the hypothesis that cocoa monoculture (MS) and cocoa-açai agroforestry systems (AFS) may influence the microbial community structure and populations of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR). Accordingly, the aim was to analyze the microbial community structure and PGPR populations in different agroecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. To achieve this, the rhizosphere microbial community of cocoa and açai plants in both Amazonian seasons (dry and rainy) was analyzed using culture-dependent (PGPR screening) and -independent methods [PCR-DGGE based on rrs, alp, nifH gene, and intergenic region (ITS) of fungi]. Concerning PGPR screening, out of 48 isolated bacterial strains, 25% were capable of siderophore production, 29% of mineralized organic phosphate, 8% of inorganic phosphate solubilization, and 4% of indole acetic acid production. Moreover, 17% of isolates could inhibit the growth of various phytopathogenic fungi. Statistical analyses of DGGE fingerprints (p < 0.05) showed that bacterial and fungal community structures in the rhizosphere were influenced by the seasons, supporting the results of the physicochemical analysis of the environment. Furthermore, as hypothesized, microbial communities differed statistically when comparing the MS and AFS. These findings provide important insights into the influence of climate and cultivation systems on soil microbial communities to guide the development of sustainable agricultural practices.

Psychrobacillus antarcticus sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bioemulsifier producer isolated from King George Island, Antarctica.

A Gram-stain-positive rod, psychrotolerant, aerobic and bioemulsifier-producing strain, denoted as Val9T, was isolated from soil sampled at Vale Ulman, King George Island, Antarctica. The strain grew at up to 30 °C (optimum, 15 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum, pH 8) and with up to 5 % w/v NaCl (optimum, 3 %). The strain was motile and positive for catalase, oxidase and H2S. It did not hydrolyse starch, casein or gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Val9T belonged to the genus Psychrobacillus and was closely related to Psychrobacillus psychrotolerans DSM 11706T (99.9 % similarity), Psychrobacillus psychrodurans DSM 11713T (99.8 %) and Psychrobacillus glaciei PB01T (99.2 %). Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values were lower than 37.3 and 85.5 %, respectively, with the closest phylogenetic neighbours. The DNA G+C content of strain Val9T calculated from the complete genome sequence was 36.6 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1ω11c. Menaquinone-8 was the major respiratory quinone. The peptidoglycan type was A4ß l-Orn-d-glu. The novel strain contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as predominant polar lipids. Based on 16S rRNA phylogenetic and multilocus sequence analyses (recA, rpoB and gyrB), as well as phylogenomic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic tests, we demonstrate that strain Val9T represents a novel species of the genus Psychrobacillus, for which the name Psychrobacillus antarcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Val9T (=DSM 115096T=CCGB 1952T=NRRL B-65674T).

Molecular characterization of Paenibacillus antarcticus IPAC21, a bioemulsifier producer isolated from Antarctic soil.

Paenibacillus antarcticus IPAC21, an endospore-forming and bioemulsifier-producing strain, was isolated from King George Island, Antarctica. As psychrotolerant/psychrophilic bacteria can be considered promising sources for novel products such as bioactive compounds and other industrially relevant substances/compounds, the IPAC21 genome was sequenced using Illumina Hi-seq, and a search for genes related to the production of bioemulsifiers and other metabolic pathways was performed. The IPAC21 strain has a genome of 5,505,124 bp and a G + C content of 40.5%. Genes related to the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides, such as the gene that encodes the extracellular enzyme levansucrase responsible for the synthesis of levan, the 2,3-butanediol pathway, PTS sugar transporters, cold-shock proteins, and chaperones were found in its genome. IPAC21 cell-free supernatants obtained after cell growth in trypticase soy broth at different temperatures were evaluated for bioemulsifier production by the emulsification index (EI) using hexadecane, kerosene and diesel. EI values higher than 50% were obtained using the three oil derivatives when IPAC21 was grown at 28°C. The bioemulsifier produced by P. antarcticus IPAC21 was stable at different NaCl concentrations, low temperatures and pH values, suggesting its potential use in lower and moderate temperature processes in the petroleum industry.

Irrigation Ponds as Sources of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Agricultural Areas with Intensive Use of Poultry Litter.

Poultry litter is widely used worldwide as an organic fertilizer in agriculture. However, poultry litter may contain high concentrations of antibiotics and/or antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB), which can be mobilized through soil erosion to water bodies, contributing to the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. To better comprehend this kind of mobilization, the bacterial communities of four ponds used for irrigation in agricultural and poultry production areas were determined in two periods of the year: at the beginning (low volume of rainfall) and at the end of the rainy season (high volume of rainfall). 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed not only significantly different bacterial community structures and compositions among the four ponds but also between the samplings. When the DNA obtained from the water samples was PCR amplified using primers for ARGs, those encoding integrases (intI1) and resistance to sulfonamides (sul1 and sul2) and ß-lactams (blaGES, blaTEM and blaSHV) were detected in three ponds. Moreover, bacterial strains were isolated from CHROMagar plates supplemented with sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin and identified as belonging to clinically important Enterobacteriaceae. The results presented here indicate a potential risk of spreading ARB through water resources in agricultural areas with extensive fertilization with poultry litter.

Unraveling the Tropaeolum majus L. (Nasturtium) Root-Associated Bacterial Community in Search of Potential Biofertilizers.

Although Tropaeolum majus (nasturtium) is an agriculturally and economically important plant, especially due to the presence of edible flowers and its medicinal properties, its microbiome is quite unexplored. Here, the structure of the total bacterial community associated with the rhizosphere, endosphere and bulk soil of T. majus was determined by 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomic sequencing. A decrease in diversity and richness from bulk soil to the rhizosphere and from the rhizosphere to the endosphere was observed in the alpha diversity analyses. The phylum Proteobacteria was the most dominant in the bacteriome of the three sites evaluated, whereas the genera Pseudomonas and Ralstonia showed a significantly higher relative abundance in the rhizosphere and endosphere communities, respectively. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (236 PGPB) were also isolated from the T. majus endosphere, and 76 strains belonging to 11 different genera, mostly Serratia, Raoultella and Klebsiella, showed positive results for at least four out of six plant growth-promoting tests performed. The selection of PGPB associated with T. majus can result in the development of a biofertilizer with activity against phytopathogens and capable of favoring the development of this important plant.

Paenibacillus piscarius sp. nov., a novel nitrogen-fixing species isolated from the gut of the armored catfish Parotocinclus maculicauda.

A Gram-positive, nitrogen-fixing and endospore-forming strain, designated P121T, was isolated from the gut of the armored catfish (Parotocinclus maculicauda) and identified as a member of the genus Paenibacillus based on the sequences of the 16S rRNA encoding gene, rpoB, gyrB and nifH genes and phenotypic analyses. The most closely related species to strain P121T were Paenibacillus rhizoplanae DSM 103993T, Paenibacillus silagei DSM 101953T and Paenibacillus borealis DSM 13188T, with similarity values of 98.9, 98.3 and 97.6%, respectively, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 7,513,698 bp, DNA G + C content of 53.9 mol% and the presence of the structural nitrogenase encoding genes (nifK, nifD and nifH) and of other nif genes necessary for nitrogen fixation. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) experiments and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analyses between strain P121T and the type strains of the closest species demonstrated that the highest values were below the thresholds of 70% dDDH (42.3% with P. borealis) and 95% ANI (84.28% with P. silagei) for bacterial species delineation, indicating that strain P121T represents a distinct species. Its major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15:0 (42.4%), and the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Based on physiological, genomic, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics, we propose that strain P121T represents a novel species for which the name Paenibacillus piscarius sp. nov. is proposed (type strain = DSM 25072 = LFB-Fiocruz 1636).

(R)-(+)-Lasiodiplodin isolated from the endophytic fungus Sordaria tamaensis exhibits potent antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo: a dual approach for the treatment of severe pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate endophytic fungi isolated from Tocoyena bullata and Humiria balsamifera plant species for their antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, focusing on severe pulmonary tuberculosis cases which are often associated with exacerbated inflammation. METHODS: Mycobacterium suspensions were incubated with the samples for 5 days. RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS were also incubated with them for 24 h to assess the inhibition of inflammatory mediator production and cytotoxicity. C57BL/6 mice were infected with Mtb M299 and treated for 15 days with lasiodiplodin (Lasio). KEY FINDINGS: Endophytic fungus Sordaria tamaensis, obtained from T. bullata, was the most promising. Its ethanolic extract impaired mycobacterial growth with MIC50 (µg/ml): 1.5 ± 0.6 (BCG), 66.8 ± 0.1 (H37Rv) and 80.0 ± 0.1 (M299). (R)-(+)-Lasio showed MIC50 92.2 ± 1.8 µg/ml (M299). In addition, Lasio was able to inhibit NO, IL-1ß and TNF-α production and was not cytotoxic for macrophages. M. tuberculosis-infected C57BL/6 animals treated by Lasio reduced the number of acid-fast bacilli, lung pathology, leucocyte influx and proinflammatory cytokine production in the lungs. The class IIa fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase was the predicted hypothetical target of Lasio. CONCLUSIONS: (R)-(+)-Lasio stood out as a promising anti-TB compound, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antimycobacterial effects, as well as low cytotoxicity.

Metagenomic analysis of microbial communities across a transect from low to highly hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in King George Island, Maritime Antarctica.

Soil samples from a transect from low to highly hydrocarbon-contaminated soils were collected around the Brazilian Antarctic Station Comandante Ferraz (EACF), located at King George Island, Antarctica. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA genes, 16S rRNA gene (iTag), and shotgun metagenomic sequencing were used to characterize microbial community structure and the potential for petroleum degradation by indigenous microbes. Hydrocarbon contamination did not affect bacterial abundance in EACF soils (bacterial 16S rRNA gene qPCR). However, analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a successive change in the microbial community along the pollution gradient. Microbial richness and diversity decreased with the increase of hydrocarbon concentration in EACF soils. The abundance of Cytophaga, Methyloversatilis, Polaromonas, and Williamsia was positively correlated (p-value = <.05) with the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and/or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Annotation of metagenomic data revealed that the most abundant hydrocarbon degradation pathway in EACF soils was related to alkyl derivative-PAH degradation (mainly methylnaphthalenes) via the CYP450 enzyme family. The abundance of genes related to nitrogen fixation increased in EACF soils as the concentration of hydrocarbons increased. The results obtained here are valuable for the future of bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in polar environments.

Bacillus velezensis H2O-1 surfactin efficiently maintains its interfacial properties in extreme conditions found in post-salt and pre-salt oil reservoirs.

Biosurfactants are molecules with surfactant properties produced by microorganisms, and can be used in various industrial sectors, e.g., the oil industry. These molecules can be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the pre-salt and post-salt reservoirs, where conditions of temperature, pressure, and salinity are quite varied, requiring a study of the stability of these molecules under these conditions. Bacillus velezensis H2O-1 produces five different surfactin homologs with a fatty-acid chain ranging from C11 to C16 and with a high capacity to reduce surface (24.8 mN.m-1) and interfacial tensions (1.5 and 0.8 8 mN.m-1 using light, medium oil and n-hexadecane, respectively). The critical micellar concentration (CMC) was 38.7 mg.L-1. Inversion wettability tests were carried out under the salinity conditions found in the post-salt (35 g.L-1) and pre-salt (70 g.L-1) reservoirs, in which it was observed that the surfactin reversed 100 % of the wettability of the calcite impregnated with light and medium oil. Using a central composite rotatable design, we demonstrated that surfactin maintained its interfacial properties when subjected simultaneously to extreme conditions of pressure, temperature and salinity commonly found in the post-salt (70 °C, 70 g.L-1 and 27.58 MPa) and pre-salt (100 °C, 150 g.L-1 and 48.2 MPa) layers. The results presented here highlight the efficiency and stability of H2O-1 surfactin in environmental conditions found in pre-salt and post-salt oil reservoirs.

Bacterial diversity changes in agricultural soils influenced by poultry litter fertilization.

Poultry litter is widely applied as agricultural fertilizer and can affect the soil microbiome through nutrient overload and antibiotic contamination. In this study, we assessed changes in soil bacterial diversity using high-throughput sequencing approaches. Four samples in triplicate were studied: soils with short- and long-term fertilization by poultry litter (S1 = 10 months and S2 = 30 years, respectively), a soil inside a poultry shed (S3), and a forest soil used as control (S0). Samples S0, S1, and S2 revealed a relatively high richness, with confirmed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the three replicates of each sample ranging from 1243 to 1279, while richness in S3 was about three times lower (466). The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia were also abundant but highly diminished in S3, while Firmicutes was less abundant in S0. Changes in bacterial communities were very evident at the genera level. The genera Gaiella, Rhodoplanes, Solirubacter, and Sphingomonas were predominant in S0 but strongly decreased in the other soils. Pedobacter and Devosia were the most abundant in S1 and were diminished in S2, while Herbiconiux, Brevundimonas, Proteiniphilum, and Petrimonas were abundant in S2. The most abundant genera in S3 were Deinococcus, Truepera, Rhodanobacter, and Castellaniella. A predictive analysis of the metabolic functions with Tax4Fun2 software suggested the potential presence of enzymes associated with antibiotic resistance as well as with denitrification pathways, indicating that the S3 soil is a potential source of nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas.

Enrichment of potential pathogens in marine microbiomes with different degrees of anthropogenic activity.

Anthropogenic activities in coastal marine ecosystems can lead to an increase in the abundance of potentially harmful microorganisms in the marine environment. To understand anthropogenic impacts on the marine microbiome, we first used publicly available microbial phylogenetic and functional data to establish a dataset of bacterial genera potentially related to pathogens that cause diseases (BGPRD) in marine organisms. Representatives of low-, medium- and highly impacted marine coastal environments were selected, and the abundance and composition of their microbial communities were determined by quantitative PCR and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. In total, 72 BGPRD were cataloged, and 11, 36 and 37 BGPRD were found in low-, medium- and highly human-impacted ecosystems, respectively. The absolute abundance of BGPRD and the co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (AGR) increased with the degree of anthropogenic perturbation in these ecosystems. Anthropogenically impacted coastal microbiomes were compositionally and functionally distinct from those of less impacted sites, presenting features that may contribute to adverse outcomes for marine macrobiota in the Anthropocene era.

Genetics and regulation of nitrogen fixation in Paenibacillus brasilensis PB24.

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), performed by diazotrophic prokaryotes, is responsible for reducing dinitrogen (N2) present in the biosphere into biologically available forms of nitrogen. Paenibacillus brasilensis PB24 is a diazotrophic Gram-positive bacterium and is considered ecologically and industrially important because it is able to produce antimicrobial substances and 2,3-butanediol. However, the genetics and regulation of its nitrogen fixing (nif) genes have never been assessed so far. Therefore, the present study aimed to (i) identify the structural and regulatory genes related to BNF in the PB24 genome, (ii) perform comparative genomics analysis of the nif operon among different Paenibacillus species and (iii) study the expression of these genes in the presence and absence of NH4. Strain PB24 showed a nif operon composed of nine genes (nifBHDKENXhesAV), with a conserved synteny (with small variations) among the Paenibacillus species evaluated. BNF regulatory genes, glnK and amtB (encoding GlnK signal transduction protein and AmtB transmembrane protein, respectively) and glnR and glnA genes (encoding the transcription factor GlnR and glutamine synthetase) were found in the PB24 genome. Primers were designed for qPCR amplification of the nitrogenase structural (nifH, nifD and nifK) and regulatory (glnA and amtB) BNF genes. The structural gene expression in PB24 was up- and downregulated in the absence and presence of NH4, respectively. The gene expression levels indicated a GlnR-mediated repression of genes associated with ammonium import (amtBglnK) and BNF (nif genes). Additionally, the regulatory mechanism of GlnR in P. brasilensis PB24 differed from the other Paenibacillus evaluated, considering the different distribution of binding sites recognized by GlnR.

Potential application of Pseudomonas stutzeri W228 for removal of copper and lead from marine environments.

High concentrations of metals in the environment alter bacterial diversity, selecting resistant and tolerant species. The study evaluated the selection of a potential bacterial strain from Sepetiba Bay-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil marine sediments to remove Cu and Pb. The bacterial strain isolated from the sediments was used in three different bioassays: (1) Cu at concentrations of 0 (control), 6 and 50 µg.mL-1; (2) Pb at concentrations of 0 (control), 6 and 50 µg.mL-1; (3) Cu + Pb in concentrations of 3 µg.mL-1 Cu + 3 µg.mL-1 Pb (6 µg.mL-1) and 25 µg.mL-1 Cu + 25 µg.mL-1 Pb (50 µg.mL-1). The number of cells and the enzymatic activities of dehydrogenases and esterases were quantified. Results of taxonomic identification indicated the selection of the Pseudomonas stutzeri W228 strain, showing a greater degree of similarity (±73%) with the database used. There was no significant variation in the number of cells, 108 cells.mL-1, which represents a high biomass production in the presence of stressors. However, we observed a reduction in dehydrogenase activity at all tested concentrations of Cu, Pb and Cu + Pb. The activity of esterase increased, indicating a higher energy demand to complete the bacterial life cycle. The study showed significant results for the absorption of Pb by the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and the efflux of Cu. The capacity of Pb absorption by EPS can be considered a resistance mechanism, as well as the efflux of Cu, so that the available EPS sites could be occupied by the most toxic ions demonstrating that Pseudomonas stutzeri is resistant to Pb and Cu.

Adaptative transcriptional response of Dietzia cinnamea P4 strain to sunlight simulator.

Responses to sunlight exposure of the oil-degrading Dietzia cinnamea P4 strain were evaluated by transcriptional levels of SOS genes, photoreactivation and genes involved in tolerance to high levels of reactive oxygen species. The P4 strain was exposed for 1 and 2 h and the magnitude of level changes in the mRNA was evaluated by qPCR. The results described the activation of the SOS system, with the decline of the repressor lexA gene levels and the concomitant increase of recA and uvrAD genes levels. The genes that participate in the photoreactivation process were also responsive to sunlight. The phrB gene encoding deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase had its expression increased after 1-h exposure, while the phytAB genes showed a progressive increase over the studied period. The protective genes against reactive oxygen species, catalases, superoxides, peroxidases, and thioredoxins, had their expression rates detected under the conditions validated in this study. These results show a fast and coordinated response of genes from different DNA repair and tolerance mechanisms employed by strain P4, suggesting a complex concerted protective action against environmental stressors.

Resistome in Lake Bolonha, Brazilian Amazon: Identification of Genes Related to Resistance to Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics.

Resistance to antibiotics is one of the most relevant public health concerns in the world. Aquatic environments play an important role because they are reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic-resistant strains, contributing to the spread of resistance. The present study investigated the resistome in Lake Bolonha (three sampling sites) in the Amazon region using a metagenomics approach and culture-dependent methods. Whole-metagenome-based results showed that the most abundant phyla were Protobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria. The composition of the resistome demonstrated that the genes that confer resistance to ß-lactams were prevalent at all sampling sites, followed by genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and tetracycline. Acquired genes encoding extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (e.g., bla CTX-M) and resistance to carbapenems (e.g., bla IMP and bla VIM) were detected through metagenome analysis. Bacteria were isolated from culture medium supplemented with cefotaxime or imipenem, and isolates were identified and analyzed for their antibiotic susceptibility profiles and resistance genes. In total, 98 bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Pseudomonas (37), Acinetobacter (32), Klebsiella (13), Enterobacter (9), Pantoe (3), Stenotrophomonas (3), and Methylobacterium (1) were obtained. Among isolates, the most abundant genes were bla CTX-M (28.3%), bla SHV (22.6%) and bla TEM (18.8%) in isolates from cefotaxime-supplemented medium and bla VIM (28.8%) and bla IMP (22.2%) in isolates recovered from imipenem-supplemented medium. The genes intl1 and intl2 were detected in 19.3% and 7.1% of isolates. Antibiograms showed that 94.9% (from cefotaxime-supplemented medium) and 85.7% (from imipenem-supplemented medium) of the isolates were multidrug resistant. Besides cefotaxime and imipenem, isolates were mostly resistant to aztreonam (91.8%), amoxicillin (98.8%), ampicillin (82.6%), and nalidixic acid (77.5%). Hence, the present study demonstrates that Lake Bolonha is a reservoir of bacteria resistant to antibiotics and resistance genes, some of which are of critical importance to human health.

Chemical and biological dispersants differently affect the bacterial communities of uncontaminated and oil-contaminated marine water.

The use of dispersants in marine environments is a common practice worldwide for oil spill remediation. While the effects of chemical dispersants have been extensively studied, those of biosurfactants, mainly surfactin that is considered one of the most effective surfactants produced by bacteria, have been less considered. We constructed microcosms containing marine water collected from Grumari beach (W_GB, Brazil) and from Schiermonnikoog beach (W_SI, The Netherlands) with the addition of oil (WO), Ultrasperse II plus oil (WOS), surfactin plus oil (WOB), and both dispersants (WS or WB) individually. In these treatments, the composition of bacterial communities and their predictive biodegradation potential were determined over time. High-throughput sequencing of the rrs gene encoding bacterial 16S rRNA revealed that Bacteroidetes (Flavobacteria class) and Proteobacteria (mainly Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria classes) were the most abundant phyla found among the W_GB and W_SI microbiomes, and the relative abundance of the bacterial types in the different microcosms varied based on the treatment applied. Non-metrical multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed a clear clustering based on the addition of oil and on the dispersant type added to the GB or SI microcosms, i.e., WB and WOB were separated from WS and WOS in both marine ecosystems studied. The potential presence of diverse enzymes involved in oil degradation was indicated by predictive bacterial metagenome reconstruction. The abundance of predicted genes for degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons increased more in surfactin-treated microcosms than those treated with Ultrasperse II, mainly in the marine water samples from Grumari beach.

Oxidative damage induced by H2O2 reveals SOS adaptive transcriptional response of Dietzia cinnamea strain P4.

The oxidative stress response of the highly resistant actinomycete Dietzia cinnamea P4 after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was assessed in order to depict the possible mechanisms underlying its intrinsic high resistance to DNA damaging agents. We used transcriptional profiling to monitor the magnitude and kinetics of changes in the mRNA levels after exposure to different concentrations of H2O2 at 10 min and 1 h following the addition of the stressor. Catalase and superoxide dismutase genes were induced in different ways, according to the condition applied. Moreover, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase ahpCF, thiol peroxidase, thioredoxin and glutathione genes were upregulated in the presence of H2O2. Expression of peroxidase genes was not detected during the experiment. Overall results point to an actinomycete strain endowed with a set of enzymatic defenses against oxidative stress and with the main genes belonging to a functional SOS system (lexA, recA, uvrD), including suppression of lexA repressor, concomitantly to recA and uvrD gene upregulation upon H2O2 challenge.

Fluoroquinolones in agricultural soils: Multi-temporal variation and risks in Rio de Janeiro upland region.

Our main goal was to investigate the potential accumulation of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in agricultural soils over extended periods of land use, predicting leaching and estimating risk quotients for soil microorganisms. Short to long-term of poultry litter fertilization (<1-30 years) were evaluated for enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) input, in addition to the emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. High FQs concentration (range 0.56-100 mg kg-1) were measured in poultry litter samples. In soils, FQs occurrence and risks have changed over the years. An accumulation trend was observed between short and medium-term fertilized soils (ST and MT soils), reaching a range of 330-6138 µg kg-1 ENR and 170-960 µg kg-1 CIP in MT soil, followed by decreased concentrations in long-term fertilized soils (LT soils). The environmental risk assessment showed a high ENR risk quotient (RQ ≥ 1) in ST and MT soils ranging (7-226) and high CIP risk (9-53) in LT soils. The detection of qnrS genes in the area with the lowest FQs concentration emphasizes the importance of a broader approach to environmental assessment, in which not only target compounds are considered. FQs soil-water migration model pointed out a high leaching risk in ST soil. To reduce risks, management measures to decrease antibiotic environmental load should be taken before poultry litter application. In addition, the high weathering of tropical soils contributing to possible fate of antibiotics to water resources through drainage basins should be considered.